Nsuo ho mfiri yɛ ade a ɛho nhia wɔ nnɛyi mfiridwuma, nkuropɔn, ne afie mu nsuo a wɔde di dwuma no mu. N’adwuma titiriw ne sɛ ebeyi efĩ, efĩ, ne nneɛma a epira afi nsu mu denam honam fam, nnuru, anaa abɔde mu akwan horow so, na ɛnam so ama nsu pa ho gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛne ahwehwɛde pɔtee bi a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde di dwuma ho hyia. Wɔde saa mfiri yi di dwuma kɛse wɔ nsu a wɔnom ho a wɔde tew ho, mfiridwuma mu onwini amansin, nsu fĩ a wɔde yɛ adwuma, ne po mu nsu a wɔde yi nkyene fi mu no mu. Wɔn fapem a ɛyɛ adwuma no na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea nsu a wɔde yɛ adwuma no nyinaa bɛyɛ adwuma yiye na wotumi de ho to so.
1. Filtration ne Separation Dwumadie
Nsuo a wɔde yiyi mu ne nea wɔtetew mu ka nnwuma atitiriw a nnwinnade a wɔde yɛ nsu ho adwuma no yɛ no ho. Wɔnam honam fam akwan so yi nneɛma akɛse te sɛ nneɛma nketenkete a ɛsensɛn nsu mu, nsu a ɛyɛ fĩ, ne nkannare fi nsu mu titiriw. Mfiridwuma a wɔtaa de yiyi mu ne anhwea a wɔde yiyi mu, activated carbon a wɔde yiyi mu, microfiltration (MF), ne ultrafiltration (UF). Anhwea a wɔde yiyi mu no de afiri a wɔde yiyi nneɛma mu a ɛsono ne kɛse di dwuma de kyere nneɛma a ɛsensɛn hɔ, bere a activated carbon yi nneɛma a nkwa wom, chlorine a aka, ne hua fi hɔ denam adsorption so. Microfiltration ne ultrafiltration de membrane mfiridwuma di dwuma de kyere nneɛma nketenkete te sɛ mmoawa ne colloids, na ɛma nsu no mu da hɔ bio.
2. Softening ne Mineralization Dwumadi ahorow
Calcium ne magnesium ions a ɛwɔ nsu a ɛyɛ den mu no betumi ama nsu afiri mu ayɛ mmerɛw, nnwinnade asɛe, na ahohoro a ɛnyɛ yiye no so atew. Enti, wɔtaa de biribi a ɛma nsu yɛ mmerɛw hyehyɛ mfiri a wɔde tew nsu ho. Ion exchange resins de sodium ions si calcium ne magnesium ions a ɛwɔ nsu a ɛyɛ den mu ananmu, na ɛnam so ma nsu no mu yɛ den so tew. Bio nso, nnwinnade bi a ɛkorɔn- nso wɔ mineralization dwumadie, a ɛsan hyɛ mineral a mfasoɔ wɔ so te sɛ calcium, potassium, ne magnesium ma bere a ɛtew nsuo no ho, na ɛma nsuo a ahoɔden wom a wɔnom.
3. Nnuru a Wɔde kum mmoawa ne Sterilization Dwumadi
Nkwammoaa nketenkete a ɛde efĩ ba no yɛ ahobammɔ ho asɛm titiriw ma nsu a wɔnom ne mfiridwuma mu nsu. Enti, mfiri a wɔde yɛ nsuo taa de nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa ne sterilization dwumadie bom. Akwan a wɔtaa fa so kum mmoawa no bi ne ultraviolet (UV) a wɔde kum mmoawa, ozone (O3) oxidation, ne nnuru a wɔde chlorination (te sɛ sodium hypochlorite) gu mu. UV hann ma mmoawa nketenkete nyɛ adwuma denam wɔn DNA a ɛsɛe no so, bere a ozone a ɛwɔ tumi a emu yɛ den a ɛma ɛyɛ hyew no kunkum mmoawa, mmoawa, ne mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae yiye. Nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa no fata ma nsuo a wɔde yɛ adwuma akɛseɛ, nanso ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ dodoɔ a aka no so yie na ama wɔanya ahobanbɔ.
4. Heavy Metal ne Chemical Pollutant Yiyi Dwumadi
Ebia dade a emu yɛ duru anaa nneɛma a ɛde efĩ ba te sɛ kɔbere, mercury, ne arsenic wɔ mfiridwuma mu nsu fĩ ne asase ase nsu bi mu, na ɛde asiane kɛse ba nnipa akwahosan ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so. Mfiri a wɔde yɛ nsuo yi efĩ yi fi hɔ yie denam reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ne advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) so. RO membranes tumi kura nkyene a wɔapete ne organic matter bɛboro 95%, bere a AOPs de hydroxyl radicals (·OH) bubu organic compounds a ɛyɛ recalcitrant.
5. Nnwuma a Ɛyɛ Nyansa na Ɛyɛ Ɔkwan a Wɔfa so Yɛ Adwuma
Nnɛyi mfiri a wɔde sa nsu ho no de mfiridwuma a nyansa wom na ɛyɛ adwuma a ɛnyɛ adwuma reka ho kɛse. Sensors hwɛ nsuo yiedie ho nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ (te sɛ pH, turbidity, ne conductivity) wɔ berɛ ankasa mu, na ɛsesa adwumayɛ tebea no ara kwa de hwɛ hu sɛ ayaresa no bɛgyina pintinn. Nnwinnadeɛ binom nso wɔ akyirikyiri nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma so, a ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛ ankasa-hwɛ a adwumayɛfoɔ de di dwuma na ɛma nhyehyɛeɛ no mu ahotosoɔ ne ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma yie tu mpɔn.
Awie
Dwumadi atitiriw a mfiri a wɔde yɛ nsu ho adwuma no yɛ nea ɛka ho ne sɛ wɔde yiyi mu, ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw, wɔde kum mmoawa, efĩ a woyi fi hɔ, ne nyansa a wɔde siw ano. Wɔn nhyehyɛɛ hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ani si so yiye a egyina dwumadie tebea pɔtee bi so (te sɛ nsuo a wɔnom, mfiridwuma mu nsuo, anaa nsuo fĩ a wɔsan de di dwuma). Mfiridwuma mu nkɔsoɔ nti, nnwinnadeɛ a wɔde sa nsuo ho no renya nkɔsoɔ akɔyɛ adwuma yie, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho banbɔ kɛseɛ ne nyansa kɛseɛ, na ɛde mmoa titire ma wɔ wiase nyinaa nsuo ho nneɛma a wɔde bedi dwuma daa.
